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Spider silk is gram for gram stronger than steel and tougher than Kevlar, one of the toughest materials on Earth. As Spider-Man: Brand New Day reaches Indian screens, here is the real science of why spider webs are so strong.

The Pacific Ring of Fire, the horseshoe-shaped belt of volcanoes circling the Pacific Ocean, may have played a far bigger role in shaping Earth's past climate than previously understood. Findings show that some of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 12,000 years, many originating from this seismically active region, align closely with major glacial advances and centennial-scale cold spells during the Holocene.

As the world searches for ways to remove carbon dioxide already accumulating in the atmosphere, ocean iron fertilisation (OIF) has emerged as one of the most debated climate intervention strategies. The idea is deceptively simple: adding tiny amounts of iron to iron-poor parts of the ocean stimulates the growth of phytoplankton, microscopic marine organisms that absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

Life is often imagined as something that flourishes under mild conditions, comfortable temperatures, liquid water and breathable air. Yet some of Earth's most resilient organisms have evolved in places that appear utterly inhospitable.

A single winter on Saturn's largest moon lasts long enough for a newborn on Earth to grow into an eight-year-old child.

Few people have inspired a deeper appreciation for the natural world than David Attenborough, whose documentaries have introduced generations to Earth's extraordinary wildlife and ecosystems. Among his many memorable observations, one quote continues to resonate with conservationists, educators and nature lovers alike: "No one will protect what they don't care about; and no one will care about what they have never experienced." The statement captures a simple but powerful truth that protecting nature begins with understanding it.

The Canary Islands are known for their distinctive biodiversity, including many plant species found nowhere else on Earth. Researchers say invasive daisies may be doing more than simply spreading across the Canary Islands.

Antarctica is the coldest continent on Earth, featuring a deadly combination of extreme temperatures, high elevation and ice-covered terrain. The Russian Vostok Station here averages minus 55degC and on July 21, 1983, it recorded the lowest reliably measured air temperature on Earth, -89.2degC.

Mangrove forests occupy only a tiny fraction of Earth's land surface, yet they are among the planet's most valuable ecosystems. Growing where land meets the sea, these salt-tolerant trees form dense coastal forests that shield shorelines from storms, provide nurseries for marine life and lock away enormous amounts of carbon.

In the icy waters of Northeast Greenland, scientists have documented something never seen before: a rare Arctic bobtail squid living in its natural habitat while guarding clusters of eggs. Captured on high-resolution underwater video, the observation marks the first confirmed in situ record of the species, Rossia moelleri, and provides the first direct evidence that it reproduces in one of the most remote marine environments on Earth.