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Mangrove forests occupy only a tiny fraction of Earth's land surface, yet they are among the planet's most valuable ecosystems. Growing where land meets the sea, these salt-tolerant trees form dense coastal forests that shield shorelines from storms, provide nurseries for marine life and lock away enormous amounts of carbon.

In the icy waters of Northeast Greenland, scientists have documented something never seen before: a rare Arctic bobtail squid living in its natural habitat while guarding clusters of eggs. Captured on high-resolution underwater video, the observation marks the first confirmed in situ record of the species, Rossia moelleri, and provides the first direct evidence that it reproduces in one of the most remote marine environments on Earth.

Oxygen levels are quietly falling across oceans, coastal waters, rivers, lakes and streams around the world, and scientists are warning that this decline deserves far more attention than it currently gets. A new review led by researchers at the University of California San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography argues that aquatic deoxygenation, the loss of dissolved oxygen from marine and freshwater environments, should be formally recognised as a critical planetary process under threat, joining a select group of nine processes already used to track how close Earth is moving toward dangerous, unstable conditions.

Deep beneath the Pilbara region of Western Australia lies some of the oldest and best preserved crust anywhere on the planet, and it has just revealed something unexpected about Earth's earliest history. Volcanic rocks dating back 3.1 billion years show chemical signs that surface water had already travelled deep into the planet's interior at that time, helping generate magma long before modern plate tectonics existed in its familiar form.