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NASA has tested a navigation system that allows satellites to determine their position without relying on GPS. Instead of depending on an external navigation network, the system uses other spacecraft and orbital debris as reference points to work out where a satellite is in space.

For years, printing GRCop-42, the copper alloy Nasa built for the blistering heat inside rocket engines, seemed to require kits that only the best-funded labs could afford. Its knack for shrugging off extreme heat is exactly what makes it so awkward to melt with an ordinary laser, and most attempts assumed nothing below two to four kilowatts would do the job.

In May 1997, NASA flew 64 black desert beetles aboard the space shuttle Atlantis on the STS 84 mission, which docked with the Russian Mir space station and delivered the beetles there, each one sealed inside its own miniature chamber fitted with a tiny wheel that spun every time the insect took a step. According to a NASA Technical Reports Server filing on the experiment, the beetles remained aboard Mir for around 125 days before returning to Earth on a later shuttle mission in September 1997, while scientists on the ground quietly recorded every single revolution of those little wheels.

High above the ice in Antarctica, a group of enormous balloons was quietly tracking a phenomenon that could not be seen from the ground. In January 2013, Nasa's BARREL mission sent 20 balloons drifting through the polar winds, carrying instruments designed to detect faint X-rays produced when energetic particles entered Earth's upper atmosphere.

When Space Shuttle Atlantis launched on NASA's final shuttle mission in July 2011, it carried more than supplies and equipment. Among its passengers were mice taking part in an experiment that could help solve one of the most persistent medical problems of long-duration spaceflight: weakening bones.